Packard's Progress was a family newsletter published from 1987 to 1998 for members of the Packard and Allied Families Association (PAFA).   It contains much useful information for Packard researchers, but is difficult to find other than in some Massachusetts libraries and the Library of Congress.   I have scanned the volumes in my collection, and Richard G. Packard has provided the rest of the volumes.   They are posted here as PDF files.   This collection is essentially complete, with the exception of a few pages, of which I am trying to find better copies, and with the exception of the very scarce Volume 16.   If you have a copy of Volume 16 please send me email.

     Because of the way most issues were produced, involving multiple steps of photocopying, some contents may not be of the best visual quality.   My collection has also experienced some problems, affecting, for instance, the last several pages of Volume 17.   I have done the best I can to make the scans useable.

     The reliability of any article depends upon the person submitting it.   The articles by PAFA president Karle S. Packard, for example, are of high quality, with very few items corrected by later research.   The information provided by family historian Alan D. Packard is also of excellent quality, including many family record sheets and numerous tables of data such as listings of those who married Packards.   Most of the record sheets are also from Alan and based upon his decades of Packard research.   If you are not familiar with the numbering system used on PAFA record sheets read Karle S. Packard's article explaining it in Volume 15.   Each issue also contains a number of shorter items, such as copies of newspaper articles and obituaries.

     A note about some volumes - volumes not from my personal collection are reproduced from the reprint edition, courtesy of Richard G. Packard.  I have not used the whole page numbers from that edition, but for reference have posted the PDF of the Preface to Photocopied Reprint of Packard's Progress, Vols. 1-32.

     The list below shows the major contents of each volume, and contains links to the PDF files of the volumes.   I have added information in square brackets to some article titles to make it easier to understand what those articles contain.

     If you have any comments or suggestioms please send me email.

• [Maps of Suffolk County, England], pp. 3-4
• Pure Extract of Packard, pp. 5-6
• Letters, pp. 7-8
• [Plans for 1988 Reunion], p. 9

• Castle Garden, by Grace A. Loop, pp. 12-15
• English and American [Genealogical] Book Sellers, by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 16
• Pure Extract of Packard, pp. 17-20, 25-26
• From the Desk of Alan D. Packard, pp. 21-24
• Letters, pp. 27-28
• A Plan of ye Town of Easton [ca. 1750], p. 29
• [Gravestones of] Josiah Bruce Packard [and His Wife] Eunice, p. 30

• Packard/Stream/e, by Jeri Packard Schlerf, pp. 31, 38
• Gone West - Amynander Packard, by Jarrott Val Flowers, pp. 32-33
• Family Exchange, p. 35
• Keeper Kards, pp. 36-38
• Picture Collection, by Valerie Thomas, pp. 39-40
• Pure Extract of Packard, pp. 41-42
• From the Desk of Alan D. Packard, p. 43
• Letters, pp. 44-45
• Colmans, Stonham Aspal, p. 48
• Maps of Suffolk County / Ipswich Town, England, p. 49

• In the North Star State, by Howard Packard, p. 52
• Keeper Kards, pp. 52-53, 60-61, 64-65
• Mayflower Descendants, by Clara Coburn Hearn, p. 53
• Fifteen Years in Cemeteries, by Charlene Norris Griswold, p. 54
• Letters, p. 54
• Pure Extract of Packard, pp. 55, 60-61, 64
• From Our English Cousins, by Brigadier John J. and Faith Packard, pp. 56-57
• Some Heraldry Things, pp. 58-59
• aka: Packer, by Ansel E. Packer, p. 66
• Some Marriages and Burials in Iowa, p. 67
• [Chart of Relationship Titles], p. 68
• [Plans for 1988 Reunion], p. 69
• Last of the Downeasters / B[enjamin] F. Packard, p. 70
• Some New Packard Publications, pp. 64, 71
• 1987 [Surname] Index, p. 72
• Map of North Easton, 1886, p. 73

• La/Lothrop Family Record in England, by Chuck Schlerf, pp. 2-3
• Ensign Richard Phillips [Husband of Mary² Packard], by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 4
• Thomas Alger [Husband of Elizabeth² Packard], by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 5
• Keeper Kards, 7, 9-11, 13
• Stowe and Johnson Family History, p. 12
• LDS / IGI, Vermont / Maryland / Kansas, pp. 13-14
• Pure Extract of Packard, pp. 16-20
• 350th Reunion News, pp. 21-25
• Map of Newbury new Town [West Newbury], p. 27

• David Packard [of Hewlitt-Packard], pp. 29-30, 40
• Samuel Paccard Baptismal Cerificate, p. 31
• Items from The West Virginia Hillbilly, p. 31
• Stonham Aspal, pp. 32-33
• LDS / IGI, New Hampshire, pp. 34-35, 44
• Packard Documentary Mentions Ante 1612, pp. 34-35
• Troublesome Packards, by Brigadier J. John Packard, p. 36
• What's the "Proper" Proper Name?, by Chuck Schlerf, p. 37
• Puzzle of Eunice (Brown) Packard, Iowa, pp. 38-39
• 350th Reunion News, p. 41
• Letters / Keeper Kards, pp. 42-43
• LDS / IGI, Wales / England, pp. 44-45
• Lydia Smith [Wife of Nathaniel² Packard], by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 46
• Sarah Howard [Wife of Zaccheus² Packard], by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 47
• Something on Hingham & on Weymouth, Ma., p. 48
• Map of Old Names of Hingham, p. 49

• Contains accounts and photographs of the 350th Anniversary Reunion, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, August 6-10, 1988

• Al Packard of Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 51
• Packards and Missing Allied Families - Frank Packard, 1854-1935, by Evelyn Cross, p. 52
• Letters, pp. 53-55, 66-69, 71
• Why Did Samuel Emigrate in 1638?, by Brigadier J. John Packard, p. 54
• Keeper Kards, p. 56-57
• Letter from Red House Farm, Stonham Aspal, with photographs, pp. 58-60
• Packards Who Married Washburns, by Jeri Packard Schlerf, pp. 61-62
• Last Will and Testament of Samuel¹ Packard, pp. 63-64
• Packards in Mr. Lincoln's War, p. 65
• LDS / IGI, Louisians / Georgia / Alabama, p. 70
• Mid-West "Who Came" List, pp. 72-73
• 1990 Bridgewater Reunion News, p. 74
• Map of Colonial Roads, p. 75

• William Cullen Bryant Down Our Family Line, by Jeri Packard Schlerf, pp. 77-78
• Home, Hearth & Heritage, p. 79
• Letters, pp. 80-81, 92-94
• Samuel Packard's Parents, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 82-83
• Corrections, p. 83
• Emmitt Clyde Packard Puzzle Page, p. 84
• Why Put Records on Microfilm or Microfiche?, by Jeri Packard Schlerf, p. 85
• LDS / IGI, California / Kansas / Illinois, pp. 86-89
• LDS Partial Book / Microfilm List, pp. 90-91
• Keeper Kard, p. 94
• Map of Connecticut and New Haven Colonies, 1635-1660, p. 95

• Horatio Alger, pp. 1-2
• Hearth, Home & Heritage, pp. 2-4
• Index to Revolutionary War Pension Applications, p. 5
• Keeper Kards, pp. 6-7
• Henry Packard Bible Records, pp. 6-7
• Samuel Ware Packard, p. 8
• Letters, p. 9
• Packard House, Bath, ME, pp. 10-11
• LDS / IGI, Maine, pp. 12-14
• 1880 Federal Census, Massachusetts, pp. 15-16
• Questions and Answers, p. 16
• Packards in Mr. Lincoln's War, p. 17
• From Alan D. Packard [Brockton's 250th Anniversary], pp. 18-19
• New England's Prospect, by Chuck Schlerf, p. 20
• First Map of New England, p. 21

• A Double Pilgrimage, p. 23
• Something from Our British Cousins, pp. 23-24
• Heart, Home & Heritage, pp. 27-29
• Letters, pp. 30-33
• 1880 / 1900 Soundex Census, by Ed Orrell, pp. 34-35
• Main-ly Maine, pp. 36-40
• Pages 41-42 are missing, and from readers' questions in later issues they appear to have been omitted by Jeri and never published
• Map of Area of Settlement, 1620-1770, p. 43

• Letters, pp. 46-50
• Keeper Kards, p. 50
• Letter from Abigail Adams to Nancy (Quincy) Packard, p. 51
• From the Desk of Alan D. Packard, p. 52
• Letter from Red House Farm, Stonham Aspal, p. 53
• Heraldrey for PAFA, pp. 54-55
• LDS / IGI, Maine pp. 56-61
• 1880 Soundex Census, by Ed Orrell, pp. 61-63
• Map of Cape Cod and Islands c. 1690, p. 65

• Thanksgiving, p. 67
• "Progress" Info, p. 68
• 1990 Reunion Information, p. 69
• Happy Holidays from Jeri's Family, p. 70
• Letters, pp. 71-73
• Some Kingman Pages, by Robert I. Kingman, pp. 74-76
• Information for Maine Research, p. 77-78
• LDS / IGI, Massachusetts, pp. 79-94
• Map of Massachusetts Counties and Townships, p. 95

• Packard Family Tree (Poem), pp. 1-2
• PAFA Report, p. 3
• William Cullen Bryant Addendum, by Karle S. Packard, p. 3
• Names, by Brigadier J. John Packard, pp. 4-5
• Packard's Triumph, by Antonia Turman, pp. 5-6
• LDS / IGI, Massachusetts, pp. 7-22
• Map of New England, 1675, p.

• Elizabeth Ware Packard, pp. 25-26
• Letters, pp. 27, 36, 41-45
• LDS / IGI, Massachusetts, pp. 28-31
• The Letter A of Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 32-34
• Vintage Packards Keep Rollin' Along, p. 34
• First, bur Forgotton, Brockton, p. 35
• 1990 Reunion Information, pp. 36-40
• Packard Poem Contest, p. 42
• New Packard Commercial Arithmetic, pp. 42-43
• Mr. Congressman / Ron Packard, p. 46
• Map of New England c. 1677, p. 47

• Puritan Namegiving, by G. Bailey Jr., p. 51
• A System for Unique Identification Numbers in Family History, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 53-54
• Fifth Generation Packard Ancestors for Mayflower Descent, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 55-57
• The Letter B ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 60-67
• International Genealogical Index for Massachusetts, pp. 70-72

     According to the Preface to Photocopied Reprint of Packard's Progress, Vols. 1-32, Volume 16 had limited distribution, and was apparently published much later than Volume 15 - it was not included in the reprint.  If you have a copy please send me email.

• The Ichabod Packard, Origen Packard, Henry C. Packard Family, by Mary Packard Zeman, pp. 7-8
• Samuel Packard of Bridgewater, Massachusetts and His Family, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 9-12
• Early Settlers of North Auburn [Maine], by Evelyn Gertrude (Shuman) Packard, pp. 13-17
• Families Allied to the Packard Family by Marriage Beginning with the Letter D, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 19-22
• Packards in Lenawee County, Michigan, in 1897, by Dorothy R. McHenry, p. 23
• Packards in the Lucas County, Ohio, Marriage Records, by Dorothy R. McHenry, p. 23
• A Mystery Partially Solved [Levi T. Packard. b. ca. 1827], by Karle S. Packard, p. 24

• Index to [Packard] Marriages & Deaths — Beginning-1983 — Lenawee County, Mich., by Dorothy R. McHenry and Janice Stockman, pp. 9-12
• [Packard Gravestones in] Brookside Cemetery, Tecumseh, MI, by Dorothy R. McHenry, p. 12
• Abstracts of Some Selected Packard Records in Lenawee County, MI, by Dorothy R. McHenry, p. 13
• Packards in the Lenawee County, Michigan, Probate Court Index, by Dorothy R. McHenry, p. 13
• [Packard] Cemetery Records, Lenawee County, Michigan, by Dorothy R. McHenry, p. 14
• [Packards in the] Whaling List [from New Bedford Whaling Museum Records], pp. 15-16
• Families Allied to the Packard Family by Marriage Beginning with the Letter E, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 17-18

• George B. Douglas: A Passion for the Packard, by Robert B. Streeter, pp. 2-4
• [Ship] Benjamin F. Packard, by Frederic C. Mathews, pp. 4-6
• Errors in Print, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 7-8
• The Letter C ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 9-17
• The Probable Lineage of a Packard Wife: Ancestry of Harriet S. Sherman, M[arried] Hosea S. Packard, by Harry G. Woodworth, pp. 19-24

• [Warren Packard, His Sons James Ward Packard and William Doud Packard, and Their Family], pp. 2-12
• The Diligent of Ipswich, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 13-14
• The Letter E ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 15-16
• Family Record Sheets, pp. 17-19
• Newspaper Articles, pp. 20-21
• Book Review, The Private War of Mrs. Packard, by Karle S. Packard, p. 22

• The History of Tonto [Arizona], pp. 2-19 [Page 19 difficult to read, trying to obtain replacement]
• 1992 Packard and Alied Families National Reunion Activities: Host Hotel, Boxborough, Massachusetts, pp. 20-23

• Packardville: Never Short on Excitement, by H. Paul O'Brion, et. al., pp. 2-7
• Packard, Sophia B., p. 8
• 250th Packard Reunion, pp. 9-12
• The Letter F ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, 13-16
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, pp. 17-19

• Isaac Packard (1737-1795) and the Revolutionary War, pp. 2-4
• Packard, Hatch and Oland, by Antonia Turman, pp. 5-12
• The Letter G ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard,pp. 13-16
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, pp. 17-18
• Maine Roster, 1917-1919, p. 19

• Leaves from the Life of a Kansas Pioneer, by Georgiana Packard [written in 1914], article and other material contributed by Georgiana Brune and Ruth Packard Allen, pp. 2-31
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, p. 32

• Benjamin H. Packard, M.D., Third of Three Founders of Albion College, pp. 2-9
• Orson Packard and Family, p. 10
• Josephine Lucy Packard and Louis Charles Gillespee, pp. 11-12
• Frank Lucius Packard, p. 13
• Alanson E. Packard, p. 14
• Pilgrims' Descendants Look Back with Pride, p. 15
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries and Other Information, pp. 16-18
• Keeper Kards, pp. 19-22

• Edmund Packard [1832-1907], pp. 2-6
• The Letter H ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 7-15
• Cyrus Packard [1775-1835] Family Record, One of the Mysteries of Packard Genealogy, p. 16
• Harry Brown Packard [1906-1943], pp. 17-18
• Keeper Kards, p. 19
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, pp. 20-22

• The Civil War Memoirs of Colonel Abner B. Packard, pp. 1-6
• Spearfish Pioneer Recalls Long Ride in 1879, Deadwood's Fire and Butte County Flood of 1882, pp. 7-9
• Final Letter from Brigadier J. John Packard, p. 10
• The Letters I-J-K ... Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line, by Alan D. Packard, pp. 11-16
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, pp. 17, 19-22
• A Little More on Cyrus Packard [1775-1835], One of the Mysteries of Packard Genealogy, p. 18

• The Bad Lands Cow Boy [Newspaper, Medora, Dakota Territory, published by Arthur Thomas Packard], pp. 2-20
• General Jasper Packard [1832-1899], pp. 20-25
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, pp. 26-28

• "Pill-Pusher Packard" [Chester William Packard (1799-1863)], by Chester William Packard III, pp. 2-10
• Col. Burdett A. [Adam] Packard [1847-1935], by Ashley Burdett Packard III, pp. 11-18
• Ashley Burdett Packard [1915-1951], p. 19
• Paul Packard [1714-before 1790] and His Second Wife, Sarah (Harrington) Bruce, by Jeri Schlerf Packard, p. 20
• Plans for 1994 Reunion, Warren, Ohio, pp. 21-22

• Butler Packard - Stamp Designer, by Chester William "Bill" Packard, pp. 2-7
• Charles Arthur Packard: Vice President - Worthington Pump Corp., by Harry G. Woodworth, pp. 8-20
• Plans for 1994 Reunion, Warren, Ohio, pp. 21-22

• Nehemiah Sterry Packard [1803-ca. 1890] and Family [Photos and Family Record Sheets], pp. 2-3
• James W. Packard [1849-????] and Family [Photos and Family Record Sheet], pp. 4-7
• John Mallory Packard, p. 8
• Alan Dinsmoor Packard [1926-2004] and Family [Photos and Family Record Sheet], p. 9
• Packard's Always a Quiet Place of Escape, Contributed by Webdell and Elizabeth Packard, pp. 10-11
• Thomas Jefferson Packard [1857-1940] and Family [Photos and Family Record Sheet], p. 12
• Nathan Leslie Packard [1856-1889] and Family [Photos and Family Record Sheet], p. 13
• Kingman Clough Packard [1919-] and Family [Photo and Family Record Sheet], p. 14
• David Crissy Packard [1927/27-1965] and Family [Photo and Family Record Sheet], p. 15
• Clare Beecher Packard [1886-1973] and Family [Photos and Family Record Sheet], pp. 16-18
• Newspaper Articles and Obituaries, pp. 19-21
• Update: Progress of the Butler Packard Stamp Project, by Chester William "Bill" Packard, p. 22

• The Packards of Cameron, Mississippi, by Lester O. Packard, pp. 3-5
• Family Transitions [News and Obituaries], pp. 6-9
• Packards in The Rich Men of Massachusetts, by Dale H. Cook, p. 9
• A Packard's Account of a Confederate Prison, Contributed by Sidney Packard, pp. 10-17
• Plymouth County Packards in the 1790 Census, by Dale H. Cook, p. 18
• Family Album: Isaac S. Packard 1820-1892 [Brockton, MA], by Dale H. Cook, pp. 19-21
• Desktop Publishing and Packard's Progress, by Dale H. Cook, pp. 21-22

• Packard Reunion at Colorado Springs, August 8-10, 1997, pp. 3-5
• Vance Packard, Author and Social Critic (1914-1996), pp. 6-8
• A Packard's Account of a Confederate Prison - Conclusion, Contributed by Sidney Packard, pp. 9-15
• Missing Links in the Packard Chain, pp. 16-18
• Keeper Kards, p. 19
• Some Corrections to The Packards, by Karle S. Packard, p. 20
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter L, Sheets 1-2], by Alan D. Packard, pp. 21-22

• Packard Reunion at Colorado Springs, August 8-10, 1997, p. 3
• Lambert Packard, Vermont Architect (1832-1906), by Karle S. Packard, pp. 4-7
• A Further Note on Stephen Bennett Packard, by Karle S. Packard, p. 8
• Camp Ford, Tyler, Texas, by Richard G. Packard, p. 9
• Edson 1997 Reunions, p. 9
• Missing Links in the Packard Chain, pp. 10-12
• Buyer Beware!, p. 12
• Keepwr Kards, pp. 13-14
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter K, Supplement], by Alan D. Packard, p. 15
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter L, Sheets 3-7], by Alan D. Packard, pp. 16-20
• Packard-Bell PhonOcord, p. 21
• Packard Auto Centennial Celebration, July 5-9, 1999, p. 22
• Packard Celebration in England in the Year 2000?, p. 23

• Packard Whaling Captains Alpheus and Prince Packard, pp. 3-4
• 1997 Packard Reunion at Colorado Springs, by Dick Packard, pp. 5-6
• Noah Packard II od Plainfield, Massachusetts (1796-1859), by Richard G. Packard, pp. 7-11
• Writing Article-Size Sketches of Your Ancestors, by Richard G. Packard, pp. 12-13
• PAFA News, p. 14
• Missing Links in the Packard Chain, p. 15
• Correction, p. 15
• Keeper Kards, pp. 16-17
• More Data from the Reunion, by Mary Hodgkins Dollar, p. 17
• The George and Mary Packard Family - An Update, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 18-19
• Rev. Abel Kingman Packard (1823-ca 1903), pp. 20-21
• Obituaries, pp. 22-23

• Address Given Before the Packard Reunion, August, 1938, Warren, Ohio, by Frank E. Packard, pp. 3-5
• Historic and Personal Events in the Life of Samuel Packard, pp. 6-7
• The Joseph Packards, by Karle S. Packard, pp. 8-11
• Frank Edward Packard (1873-1971), Newspaperman, Public Official, by Angela Brennan, p. 12
• William Dunlap Packard (1861-?), Printer, Newspaperman, by Angela Brennan, p. 13
• PAFA News, p. 14
• Missing Links in the Packard Chain, pp. 15-16
• Additions and Corrections, p. 16
• Keeper Kards, pp. 17-20
• Obituaries, p. 21
• Robert S. Packard Explored for Minerals Worldwide, by Betty Corson with Betty McDermott and Karle S. Packard, p. 22

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, by Dick Packard, pp. 3-4
• Packards Mentioned in Ohio County Histories, by Dorothy R. McHenry, pp. 4-7
• Milan Packard (S361 134) of Springville, Utah (1830-1911), by Richard G. Packard, pp. 8-11
• Keeper Kards, pp. 12-15
• Missing Links in the Packard Chain, p. 16
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter M, Part 1], by Alan D. Packard, pp. 17-22

• Winthrop Packard (1862-1943), Writer, Natualist, pp. 3-9
• Mail Bag, pp. 10-12
• Keeper Kards, pp. 13-14
• Additions and Corrections, p. 15
• It Could Be Verse, by Lucille Kleist, p. 16
• Obituaries, pp. 17-19
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter M, Part 2], by Alan D. Packard, pp. 20-26

• Packard Detroit Plant Demolition, p. 4
• Useful References for Packard Genealogy, p. 5
• Packard Reunion Tour in England, p. 6
• Packard Reunion in Massachusetts, p. 7
• Change of Name Nothing Unusual: Fixed by Women to Conform to Prevailing Mode, by Margaret Mason, p. 8
• Letter from Union Soldier in Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, pp. 9-11
• Green Mountain Cowboy, by James Bandler, pp. 12-13
• Panning Gold in Maine with Harvey Packard, by Brenda Seekins, p. 14
• The Packard Family of the Town of Peru, Oxford County, Maine, p. 15
• Poems, p. 16
• Trip of John Anderson Draper and Silas Packard (S621 144) from Illinois to the Gold Fields of California, Submitted by Judy Laylon, pp. 17-19
• Edmund Packard (1822-1850) and Susan McGovern (1827-1925): Pioneers of Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, pp. 20-21
• Johnson Wax Company Enlightened Public Relations Pay Off, by Howard Merrill Packard, pp. 22-23
• New World Book of Packards [Scam warning], p. 23
• Cyrus Snell Packard (S334 422) of Auburn, Maine (1810-1891): Storekeeper, Boot & Shoe Manufacturer, by Dick Packard, pp. 24-26
• Letter to Cyrus S. Packard, p. 27
• Keeper Kards, pp. 28-31
• Corrections and Additions, p. 32
• Obituaries, pp. 33-36
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter N], by Alan D. Packard, pp. 37-39
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [The Letter O], by Alan D. Packard, pp. 40-41
• Families Allied by Marriage to the Packard Family Through the Male Line [Corrections], by Alan D. Packard, p. 42